Critical Thinking Exercise

� Do you think America is sleep deprived?� Why or why not?

Consciousness

� Consciousness - a person�s ________________ of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment (Farthing, 1992).

� Waking consciousness - state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person _________________.

� Altered state of consciousness - state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of ______________________ as compared to waking consciousness (Tart, 1986).

Sleep

Theories of Sleep

� Adaptive theory - theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid ________________ by sleeping when predators are most active (Webb, 1992).

� Restorative theory - theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the _ of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and ____________ (Adam, 1980; Moldofsky, 1995).

Necessity of Sleep

� Microsleeps - brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few ____________ (Konowal et al., 1999).

� Sleep deprivation - any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in __________________ and irritability.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

� Trembling hands, _, staring off into space, droopy eyelids, discomfort, _, depression (Naitoh, Kelly, & Englund, 1989)

� In one experiment, participants who were sleep deprived showed significant impairments in ______ and physical alertness, but were _ of the impairment (Van Dongen et al., 2003)

How Much Sleep is Necessary? (Sonne, 2007; Dement, 2008)

� Infants = ____________

� Toddlers = 11 Hours (+ 2 Hour Nap)

� Preschoolers = 11 � 12 Hours

� School-Age Children = __________

� Teenagers = 9 Hours

� Adults = ___________

Stages of Sleep

Stage 1 Sleep

� Hypnogogic sleep

� Lasts approximately _____ minutes

� Marks the transition from relaxed wakefulness to sleep

� May see _______________ and geometric patterns

� Experience a gentle falling or floating sensation

� Feel your body ___________________ and rather violently

� Hypnic jerk (Mahowald & Schenck, 1996)

� Easy to awaken during this stage

� If you are awaken, you won�t realize you were asleep

Stage 2 Sleep

� Lasts for approximately 20 minutes

� Sleep spindles in EEG patterns: brief bursts of brain activity

� More relaxed and ____________________ to your environment

� Can be awaken fairly easily, but will most likely to report that you were _________________

Stage 3 Sleep

� Slow-Wave Sleep: ________________ produced by brain (slow and high amplitude)

� Heart rate and body temperature _______________

� No longer easily awakened

� Similar brain activity to Stage 4 Sleep

Stage 4 Sleep

� Slow-Wave Sleep

� Heart rate, blood pressure, _______________, and body temperature slow down (at lowest ebb)

� Not easily awakened

� If you are awakened directly from this stage, you�re likely to be briefly __________________

REM Sleep

� Rapid Eye Movement

� Sleep cycle begins to _________________ after about 1 hour, but instead of going back to Stage 1, you enter REM

� Dreams are vivid enough to remember

� Breathing and heart rate are ___________ and irregular

� EEG brain activity similar to ________________

� Muscles are relaxed and unresponsive

� Genitals may show signs of arousal (regardless of dream content)

Sleep Disorders

� Night Terrors - _______, frightening experiences; the dreamer cannot be woken and does not remember the terrors; occurs during stages 3 and 4.

� Nightmare - a dream with strong ______________________; often takes place during morning REM sleep.

� Narcolepsy - sudden attacks of extreme ___________________ and possibly sleep that can occur at any time; caused by a deficit in the neurotransmitter Orexin.

� Insomnia - difficulty getting to sleep, difficulty staying asleep, or awakening ____________________

� Sleep Apnea - difficulty ______________ accompanied by loud snoring

� Sleepwalking (somnambulism) - ________________ or walking around in one�s sleep

Dreams

The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud, 1900)

� Freud saw dreams as ______________________.

� Manifest content � the actual dream itself.

� Latent content � the true, hidden ________________ of a dream.

What People Dream About

� Most dreams reflect the events that occur in everyday life (Hall, 1966)

� Gender Differences in Dreams (Domhoff, 1996)

� _______________: people they know; personal appearance concerns; family and home

� _____________: other males in outdoor or unfamiliar settings; weapons, tools, cars, roads; more sexual dreams with unknown, attractive partners

Hypnosis

� Hypnosis - state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to _________________.

� Steps of Hypnotic Induction:

1. The hypnotist tells the person to ______________ what is being said.

2. The person is told to _ and ___.

3. The hypnotist tells the person to �let go� and accept ______________ easily.

4. The person is told to use __________________.

What Hypnosis Can Do

� Create _______________ for whatever happens during the hypnotic suggestion (Bowers & Woody, 1996)

� Help alleviate ___________ (Holroyd, 1996)

� Alter _____________ perceptions (smell, hearing, vision, time sense, and the ability to see visual illusions)

Theories of Hypnosis

� Hypnosis as dissociation � hypnosis works only in a person�s immediate consciousness, while a ___________________ remained aware of all that was going on (Hilgard, 1991).

� Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis - theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the _____________ expected of them in the situation (Sarbin & Coe, 1972).

Psychoactive Drugs

� Psychoactive drugs - drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory.

� Physical Dependence

� Tolerance � more and more of the drug is needed to achieve the ________________________ (Pratt, 1991).

� Withdrawal - physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an _______________________ in the body systems.

� Psychological dependence - the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of or _______ well-being.

Stimulants

� Stimulants - drugs that _________ the functioning of the nervous system.

� Amphetamines � drugs that are ______________ (made in labs) rather than found in nature.

� Cocaine � natural drug; produces ____________, energy, power, and pleasure.

� Nicotine - active ingredient in _____________.

� ________________ - the stimulant found in coffee, tea, most sodas, chocolate, and even many over-the-counter drugs.

Depressants

� Depressants - drugs that _______ the functioning of the nervous system.

� Barbiturates - depressant drugs that have a ___________ effect.

� Benzodiazepines - drugs that lower ___________ and reduce stress.

� Alcohol � chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of _________________________.

� Often confused as a _, but actually a on the nervous system.

Narcotics

� Narcotics - a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of _ by binding to and stimulating the nervous system�s natural receptor sites for ______.

� Opium - substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived.

� Morphine - narcotic drug derived from _____________, used to treat severe pain.

� Heroin - narcotic drug derived from opium that is ________________.

Hallucinogens

� Hallucinogens - drugs that cause _________ sensory messages, altering the perception of reality.

Hallucinogens (�Natural�)

� Mescaline - natural hallucinogen derived from the ________________ buttons.

� Psilocybin - natural hallucinogen found in certain ________________.

� Marijuana - mild hallucinogen derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular type of ___________ plant.

�Hallucinogens (Synthetic)

� LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) - powerful synthetic hallucinogen that users feel helps them expand their _______________.

� PCP - synthesized drug now used as an ___ that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.

� MDMA (Ecstasy) � designer drug that can have both _____________ and hallucinatory effects

� Technically an ________________

Critical Thinking Exercise

� Do you think America is sleep deprived?� Why or why not?

Consciousness

� Consciousness - a person�s ________________ of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment (Farthing, 1992).

� Waking consciousness - state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear, organized, and the person _________________.

� Altered state of consciousness - state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of ______________________ as compared to waking consciousness (Tart, 1986).

Sleep

Theories of Sleep

� Adaptive theory - theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid ________________ by sleeping when predators are most active (Webb, 1992).

� Restorative theory - theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the _________________ of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and ____________________________ (Adam, 1980; Moldofsky, 1995).

Necessity of Sleep

� Microsleeps - brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few ____________ (Konowal et al., 1999).

� Sleep deprivation - any significant loss of sleep, resulting in problems in __________________ and irritability.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation

� Trembling hands, _____________, staring off into space, droopy eyelids, discomfort, _____________, depression (Naitoh, Kelly, & Englund, 1989)

� In one experiment, participants who were sleep deprived showed significant impairments in __________________ and physical alertness, but were _____________ of the impairment (Van Dongen et al., 2003)

How Much Sleep is Necessary? (Sonne, 2007; Dement, 2008)

� Infants = ____________

� Toddlers = 11 Hours (+ 2 Hour Nap)

� Preschoolers = 11 � 12 Hours

� School-Age Children = __________

� Teenagers = 9 Hours

� Adults = ___________

Stages of Sleep

Stage 1 Sleep

� Hypnogogic sleep

� Lasts approximately _____ minutes

� Marks the transition from relaxed wakefulness to sleep

� May see _______________ and geometric patterns

� Experience a gentle falling or floating sensation

� Feel your body ___________________ and rather violently

� Hypnic jerk (Mahowald & Schenck, 1996)

� Easy to awaken during this stage

� If you are awaken, you won�t realize you were asleep

Stage 2 Sleep

� Lasts for approximately 20 minutes

� Sleep spindles in EEG patterns: brief bursts of brain activity

� More relaxed and ____________________ to your environment

� Can be awaken fairly easily, but will most likely to report that you were _________________

Stage 3 Sleep

� Slow-Wave Sleep: ________________ produced by brain (slow and high amplitude)

� Heart rate and body temperature _______________

� No longer easily awakened

� Similar brain activity to Stage 4 Sleep

Stage 4 Sleep

� Slow-Wave Sleep

� Heart rate, blood pressure, _______________, and body temperature slow down (at lowest ebb)

� Not easily awakened

� If you are awakened directly from this stage, you�re likely to be briefly __________________

REM Sleep

� Rapid Eye Movement

� Sleep cycle begins to _________________ after about 1 hour, but instead of going back to Stage 1, you enter REM

� Dreams are vivid enough to remember

� Breathing and heart rate are ___________ and irregular

� EEG brain activity similar to ________________

� Muscles are relaxed and unresponsive

� Genitals may show signs of arousal (regardless of dream content)

Sleep Disorders

� Night Terrors - _______, frightening experiences; the dreamer cannot be woken and does not remember the terrors; occurs during stages 3 and 4.

� Nightmare - a dream with strong ______________________; often takes place during morning REM sleep.

� Narcolepsy - sudden attacks of extreme ___________________ and possibly sleep that can occur at any time; caused by a deficit in the neurotransmitter Orexin.

� Insomnia - difficulty getting to sleep, difficulty staying asleep, or awakening ____________________

� Sleep Apnea - difficulty ______________ accompanied by loud snoring

� Sleepwalking (somnambulism) - ________________ or walking around in one�s sleep

Dreams

The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud, 1900)

� Freud saw dreams as ______________________.

� Manifest content � the actual dream itself.

� Latent content � the true, hidden ________________ of a dream.

What People Dream About

� Most dreams reflect the events that occur in everyday life (Hall, 1966)

� Gender Differences in Dreams (Domhoff, 1996)

� _______________: people they know; personal appearance concerns; family and home

� _____________: other males in outdoor or unfamiliar settings; weapons, tools, cars, roads; more sexual dreams with unknown, attractive partners

Hypnosis

� Hypnosis - state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to _________________.

� Steps of Hypnotic Induction:

1. The hypnotist tells the person to ______________ what is being said.

2. The person is told to ___________ and _____________.

3. The hypnotist tells the person to �let go� and accept ______________ easily.

� Restorative theory - theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the _ of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and ____________ (Adam, 1980; Moldofsky, 1995).

� Trembling hands, _, staring off into space, droopy eyelids, discomfort, _, depression (Naitoh, Kelly, & Englund, 1989)

� In one experiment, participants who were sleep deprived showed significant impairments in ______ and physical alertness, but were _ of the impairment (Van Dongen et al., 2003)

2. The person is told to _ and ___.

� Psychological dependence - the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of or _______ well-being.

� Often confused as a _, but actually a on the nervous system.

� Narcotics - a class of opium-related drugs that suppress the sensation of _ by binding to and stimulating the nervous system�s natural receptor sites for ______.

� PCP - synthesized drug now used as an ___ that can cause stimulant, depressant, narcotic, or hallucinogenic effects.