Critical Thinking Exercise

 

�    Which factor has a stronger influence on your development: your biology or your environment?� Please explain.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nature vs. Nurture

 

�    Nature: the influence of our ______________________________ on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

 

�    Nurture: the influence of the ______________________ on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

 

Erik Erikson�s Stages of Psychosocial Development (1950)

 

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth � 1 year)

 

�    Basic trust that the world is good vs. the idea that the world is a fearsome place

�    Parents who _________________________ to infant�s cries have secure children and demand less physical contact and proximity when older (Clark-Stewart & Hevey, 1981)

�    Virtue developed = _______________

 

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1 � 3 years)

 

�    Independence through exploring and testing limits vs. feeling ashamed for maintaining independence

�    Parents must promote autonomy, while also _____________________, which is reassuring for children

�    Virtue developed = ________________

 

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (4 � 5 years)

 

�    Ability to take initiative and follow through vs. guilt if discouraged by others

�    Parents must forbid some _______________________________, but in a way that doesn�t make the child feel guilty for initiating the activity

�    Virtue developed = __________________

 

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 � 11 years)

 

�    Learning culture�s skills and developing competence vs. inferiority to peers

�    In school, testing against ________________________ gives a basis for feelings of competency or a lack thereof

�    Virtue developed = _____________________

 

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 � 20 years)

 

�    Developing a sense of identity vs. confusion about current and future roles

�    Ego identity includes a confidence that has a _________________ and continuity apparent to others

�    Virtue developed = ____________________

 

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20 � 24 years)

 

�    Developing deep and intimate relationships vs. total independence and isolation

�    Unsuccessful resolution may result in ___________________ and even promiscuity

�    Virtue developed = __________________

 

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (25 � 65 years)

 

�    Accomplishment and something to leave behind vs. a sense of meaninglessness

�    Adults try to look beyond themselves and their immediate groups to society and ___________________________

�    Virtue developed = __________________

 

8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (65 years � death)

 

�    Reflecting on life as worthwhile vs. despair that time has �run out�

�    Ego integrity is an acceptance of the life one has lived without ________ _________________ for what could or should have been done differently

�    Virtue developed = __________________

 

Infant and Child Development

 

Universals of Motor Control Development

 

�    From the head, down the trunk and arms, and finally to the legs

�    From the ____________________ to the periphery (hands, fingers, toes)

 

Typical Ages for Developmental Milestones

 

�    2 � 5 Months: follow movements with eyes; lift _____________________ while on stomach; hold head steady; hold object placed in hand.
6 � 9 Months: roll over; _______________________; pick up small objects with thumb and fingers; shift objects between hands; crawl

�    10 � 12 Months: Pull to _____________________________, and �cruise� (walk by supporting body against objects); turn pages of book

�    13 � 18 Months: scribble; ________________________; feed self; point to pictures when asked; throw a ball

 

Attachment and Social-Emotional Development

 

�    Attachment: the emotional bond between an infant and the primary caregiver

 

Focus on Research: Harry Harlow (1958)

 

�    Originally, the �________________________� suggested that attachment to the mother was merely because she fed the baby

�    While working with Rhesus monkeys, Harlow examined the importance of �_____________________________�, the attachment of the monkeys to something soft to the touch.

�    Method: 2 ____________________ (one with milk and one with no milk)

�    Results: baby preferred to cling to �_________� mom, even when hungry

�    Conclusion: ______________ and ___________________ are essential

 

Mary Ainsworth and the �Strange Situation�

 

Ainsworth identified 4 Styles of Attachment (1978; 1985)

 

�         ______________________: willing to explore, upset when mother departs but easily soothed upon her return

�         Avoidant: unattached; explore without �_______________________�

�         Ambivalent: insecurely attached; ______________ when mother leaves and then ________________ with mother upon her return

�         Disorganized-disoriented: insecurely attached and sometimes _______ or ________________; seemed fearful, dazed, and depressed

 

Theories of Cognitive Development

 

Jean Piaget�s Stage Theory of Cognitive Development (1952)

 

Concepts from Piaget�s Theory

 

�    Scheme (Schemas): a ___________________________ formed through experiences with objects and events

�  Assimilation: using ________________________ to take in new sets of stimuli and respond accordingly

�  Accommodation: process that results in _______________________ as necessary to cope with a broader range of situations

 

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth � 2 years)

 

�    First stage of cognitive development in which the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment

�  Object Permanence: the knowledge that an object exists even when it is ______________________

 

Preoperational Stage (2 � 7 years)

 

�    Second stage of cognitive development in which the preschool child learns to use __________________ as a means of exploring the world

�  Egocentrism - the ________________ to see the world through anyone else�s eyes.

�  Centration - in Piaget�s theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features.

�  Conservation - in Piaget�s theory, the ability to understand that simply changing the _____________________ of an object does not change the object�s nature.

�  Irreversibility - in Piaget�s theory, the inability of the young child to ____________________________ an action

 

Concrete Operations (7 � 12 years)

 

�    Third stage of cognitive development in which the school-age child becomes capable of _____________________________ but is not yet capable of abstract thinking

�  Children need to be able to see it, touch it, or at least see it in their heads to be able to understand it

 

Formal Operations (12 and up)

 

�    Last stage of cognitive development in which the adolescent becomes capable of ________________________

�  Capable of hypothetical thinking

�  Can understand concepts, such as freedom, liberty, love, etc.

 

Lev Vygotsky�s Theory of Cognitive Development (1962)

 

Vygotsky�s Theory

 

�    Emphasized the _________________________ of learning

�    ____________________: process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

�    Zone of proximal development: Vygotsky�s concept of the difference between what a child can do ___________ and what that child can do _________________________ of a teacher

 

 

Adolescence

 

Puberty and Adolescence

 

�    Adolescence - the period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer _______________ a child but is not yet an ___________________, self-supporting adult.

�    Puberty - the physical changes that occur in the ___________ as sexual development reaches its peak.

�  Period of about four years.

 

Three Common Sets of Problems During Adolescence (Arnett, 1999)

 

�    Conflicts with __________________: often as a result of attempts to assert independence�

�    Extreme ___________________: likely due to rapid hormonal changes and increasing pressures of adolescence

�    Prone to _______________________: unprotected sex, not wearing seatbelts, drinking and driving, etc.

 

Adolescent Egocentric Thinking

 

�    Personal fable - type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be ___________ and protected from harm

�  Risky behaviors; feelings of ______________________

�    Imaginary audience - type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe that other people are just as concerned about the adolescent�s thoughts and _________________ as they themselves are

�  Self-conscious and more prone to _________________

 

Adulthood

 

Concepts of Adulthood

 

�    Adulthood begins in the early twenties and ends with _______ in old age

�    Typically divided into three phases:

�  Young adulthood

�  Middle adulthood

�  Late adulthood

 

Theories of Aging

 

�    Activity theory - theory of adjustment to aging that assumes older people are happier if they ________________________ in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby (Havighurst et al., 1968)

�    Cellular clock theory - based on the idea that ____________ only have so many times that they can reproduce; once that limit is reached, damaged cells begin to accumulate (Hayflick, 1977)

�    Wear-and-tear theory - as time goes by, repeated use and abuse of the _________________________ cause it to be unable to repair all the damage (Cua et al., 1990)

�    Free radical theory - ___________________________ with an unstable electron move around the cell, damaging cell structures as they go (Hauck & Bartke, 2001)

 

Stages of Death and Dying (K�bler-Ross, 1997)

 

�    Stage 1: ____________: Refusal to believe that death is real or imminent

 

�    Stage 2: ____________: Anger at death itself and feelings of helplessness to change things

 

�    Stage 3: ________________: Attempts to make deals with doctors or even God

 

�    Stage 4: _________________________: Sadness from losses already experienced and those yet to come

 

�    Stage 5: __________________: Person has a sense of resolve, has accepted the inevitable and awaits death

 

Critical Thinking Revisited

 

�    So what�s more important: Nature or Nurture?