Critical Thinking Exercise

 

�    Are men and women really different?� If so, what is the reason for these differences?

 

 

 

 

 

The Physical Side of Human Sexuality: Sex Characteristics

Primary Sex Characteristics

 

�    Primary Sex Characteristics - sex organs present at ___________ and directly involved in human reproduction

 

Female Primary Sex Characteristics

 

�    Vagina - the tube that leads from the outside of a female�s body to the opening of the _________________.

�    Uterus - the womb in which the ___________ grows during pregnancy.

�    Ovaries - the female ___________ glands.

 

Male Primary Sex Characteristics

 

�    Penis - _____________ male sexual organ.

�    Testes - the male sex ____________.

�    Scrotum - external _____________ that holds the testes.

�    Prostate Gland - gland that secretes most of the ____________ holding the male sex cells or sperm.

 

Secondary Sex Characteristics

 

�    Secondary Sex Characteristics - sexual organs and traits that develop at ________________ and are indirectly involved in human reproduction.

 

Female Secondary Sex Characteristics

 

�    Growth Spurt: about ages _______________.

�    Menstrual Cycle: monthly shedding of the blood and tissue that line the _________________ in preparation for pregnancy when conception does not occur.

�    Breast Development: about two years after the _________________.

�    Widening Hips: allows for passage of the _______________ through the pelvic bones.

�    Pubic Hair: hair in the pubic region.

�    Fat Deposits: on the ____________ and ____________.

�    Further _____________ of the vagina, uterus, and ovaries

 

Male Secondary Sex Characteristics

 

�    Enlarged ____________ (Adam�s Apple)

�    _________________ Voice

�    _____________ and Chest Hair

�    Pubic Hair

�    Coarser __________ Texture

�    Large increase in _______________

 

The Psychological Side of Human Sexuality: Gender

 

Gender Identity

 

�    Gender Identity - _______________ sense of being male or female (firm by age 3).

 

Biology and Gender Identity Development

 

�    ____________________ appear to be important.

�  Androgens - male sex hormones.

�  Estrogens - female sex hormones.

�    Case of David Reimer (Colapinto, 2000).

�  Penis was destroyed during circumcision.

�  Raised as a girl, but always felt like a boy.

�    25 genetically male children born with ___________________ genitalia surgically altered and raised as girls (Reiner, 2000).

�  When older, preferred male play activities.

�  14 declared themselves as boys.

�    Infant girls exposed to _______________ before birth were �tomboys� in early childhood (Berenbaum & Snyder, 1995; Money & Norman, 1987).�

 

Socialization and Gender Identity

 

�    Parents

�  Parents describe their babies in different ways, regardless of any real, ______________________ differences (Sweeney & Bradbard, 1988)

�  Parents reward behaviors that ____________ to gender expectations and withhold reward or punish behaviors that violate gender expectations (Robinson & Morris, 1986)

�    Peers

�  Boys and girls who don�t follow gender-related norms are often __________________ (Zucker et al., 1995)

�  In peer groups, boys use �_____________________�, whereas girls use �obliging strategies� (Strough, Swensen, & Cheng, 2001)

�  Boys have larger groups of friends and are more distant, whereas girls have fewer, more emotionally close friendships (Leaper, 1991; 1994)

�    Teachers

�  Give boys more time and attention in the classroom, usually because their level of ___________________ (Garrahy, 2001)

�  When students have difficulty problem-solving, teachers guide ___________ more quickly to the answer (Huang et al., 1998)

�    Media

�  Gender ____________________ permeate various TV shows and commercials (Johnson & Young, 2002)

�  Children who grow up without TV tend to be _____________ gender-stereotyped (Witt, 2000)

 

Gender Roles

 

�    Gender roles - the __________________ expectations for masculine or feminine behavior, including attitudes, actions, and personality traits associated with being male or female in that culture.

 

Theories of Gender Role Development

 

�    Social Learning Theory - children learn gender roles through observation and ______________________ and are reinforced for conforming and punished for violating (Fagot & Hagan, 1991; Mischel, 1966).

�    Gender Schema Theory - child develops a _____________________, or schema, for being male or female and then organizes observed and learned behavior around that schema (Bem, 1987; 1993).

 

Gender Stereotypes

 

�    Gender Stereotype - a ____________________ held about a person or group of people that is based on being male or female.

�    Sexism - ____________________ about males and/or females leading to unequal treatment.

�    Benevolent sexism - acceptance of __________________ stereotypes of males and females that leads to unequal treatment (Glick & Fiske, 2001).

 

Gender Differences

 

�    Cognitive Differences

�  Male advantage in mathematical and spatial skills; Female advantage in __________________ skills (Diamond, 1991; Voyer et al., 1995)

�  However, differences are decreasing (Hyde & Plant, 1995; Watt, 200)

�    Communication Differences

�  Males tend to talk with each other in a �_________________� style; Females tend to talk to each other in a �_________________� style and express feelings more (Argamon et al., 2003; Pilkington, 1998).

 

Androgyny

 

�    Androgynous - exhibiting ___________ masculine and feminine traits (Bem, 1975; 1981)

�  Higher levels of ___________________ and more adaptable in diverse settings (Taylor & Hall, 1982)

�  Greater success in ____________________ relationships (Coleman & Ganong, 1985)

�  Psychologically __________________ and happier overall (Woodhill & Samuels, 2003)

 

Human Sexual Behavior

 

Different Types of Sexual Behavior

 

�    Alfred Kinsey - sexual research pioneer who examined the frequency of various �controversial� sexual behaviors, such as masturbation, anal sex, premarital sex, homosexual experiences, extramarital affairs, etc.

�  Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948)

�  Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953)

 

Sexual Orientation

 

�    Sexual orientation - a person�s sexual _________________ preference for members of a particular sex.

�    Heterosexual - person attracted to the opposite sex.

�    Homosexual - person attracted to the same sex.

�    Bisexual - person attracted to both men and women.

 

Kinsey�s Definition of Sexual Orientation (1948)

 

0: Exclusively heterosexual

1: Predominantly heterosexual, only incidentally� homosexual

2: Predominantly heterosexual, but more than incidentally homosexual

3: Equally heterosexual and homosexual

4: Predominantly homosexual, but more than incidentally heterosexual

5: Predominantly homosexual, but only incidentally heterosexual

6: Exclusively homosexual

 

Sexual Response

 

�    William Masters & Virginia Johnson - pioneers in sexual research who examined the ______________________________ of the human body during sexual behavior.

�  Human Sexual Response (1966)

 

Masters and Johnson�s (1966) Model of Sexual Response (EPOR)

�    Excitement - blood begins to circulate into all the erectile structures throughout the body through _____________________.

�    Plateau - erectile tissues are fully engorged with ______________ and leveled off.

�    Orgasm - a series of ________________________ of the muscles of the vaginal walls or the penis.

�    Resolution - the final phase of the sexual response in which the body is returned to a ___________________ state.

 

Sexual Dysfunctions

 

Sexual Desire Disorders

 

�    Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder - ongoing, abnormally low desire for sexual activity.

�    Sexual Aversion Disorder - fear and disgust of sexual contact.

 

Sexual Arousal Disorders

 

�    Female Sexual Arousal Disorder - desire for sexual activity is present, but physical discomfort and a lack of pleasure are experienced during sexual activity.

�    Male Erectile Disorder - a male cannot maintain an erection long enough to complete the sexual act.

 

Orgasmic Disorders

 

�    Premature Ejaculation - a male�s tendency to experience orgasm suddenly with little penile stimulation.

�    Male Orgasmic Disorder � a male cannot achieve orgasm after long periods of stimulation.

�    Female Orgasmic Disorder - a female cannot achieve orgasm even though fully aroused.

 

Sexual Pain Disorders

 

�    Vaginismus - persistent contractions of the vaginal muscles, causing sexual intercourse to be painful or impossible.

�    Dyspareunia - pain in the genitals that can occur before, during, or after intercourse (male or female).

 

Paraphilias

 

�    Fetishism � an _____________ or ____________________ becomes to focus of sexual interest and arousal (e.g., shoes, feet, underwear).

�    Exhibitionism - sexual arousal through __________________ of genitals to unsuspecting and typically unwilling �victims�.

�    Voyeurism - obtaining sexual arousal and gratification through watching others undress or engage in sexual behavior, usually without their ___________________.

�    Frotteurism - becoming sexually aroused by ________________ up against an unwilling person, usually in a crowded public place.

�    Necrophilia - sexual arousal from touching or having intercourse with _________________________.

�    Transvestism - sexual arousal from wearing the ________________ of the _________________ sex.

 

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

 

Some STD Statistics

 

�    15 million new cases of STIs in U.S. each year (Division of STD Prevention, 2004).

�    > 65 million Americans living with incurable STI (DSTDP, 2004).

�    At least 1 in 4 are infected at some point in life and at least 15 million people are infected with an STI each year (CDC, 2000).

 

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

 

�    Common ______________ Infections (_____________)

� Chlamydia

� Gonorrhea

� Syphilis

�    Common _______________ Infections (_________________)

� Genital Herpes

� Genital Warts (Human papillomavirus)

� AIDS (Acquired Immune Difficiency Syndrome)